There are many commonly used materials and specifications of SMD ceramic capacitors. Different materials vary greatly. What parameters should be referred to when choosing to choose the material that suits you?
What are the differences between SMD capacitor materials NPO, COG, X7R, X5R, Y5V, and Z5U:
SMD capacitor materials are divided into six materials: NPO, COG, X7R, X5R, Y5V, and Z5U. Choose the material that suits you according to your product circuit. You can analyze and choose the appropriate material from multiple aspects such as capacity, stability, and temperature.
Mainly because the dielectric materials are different, different dielectric types have different response speeds and polarization rates to electric field changes due to their different main polarization types. Under the same volume, their capacities are different, and the loss of the capacitor dielectric and the stability of the capacity are also different.
Dielectric materials can be divided into three categories according to the temperature stability of capacity:
Super stable (industrial grade) dielectric materials are COG or NPO;
Stable (grade II) dielectric materials are X7R and X5R;
Usable (grade III) dielectric materials are Y5V and Z5U;
NPO (COG) is one of the most commonly used monolithic ceramic capacitors with temperature compensation characteristics. Its filling dielectric material is composed of rare earth oxides such as rubidium and samarium. NPO capacitors are one of the most stable capacitors in terms of capacitance and dielectric loss. The capacitance changes at 0±30ppm/℃ in the range of -55℃ to +125℃, and the capacitance changes with frequency by less than ±0.3ΔC. The drift or hysteresis of NPO capacitors is less than ±0.05%.
X7R capacitors are called temperature stable ceramic capacitors. When the temperature is between -55℃ and +125℃, its capacitance changes by 15%. It should be noted that the capacitance change of the capacitor is nonlinear at this time.
X5R capacitors are called temperature-stable ceramic capacitors. When the temperature is between -55℃ and +85℃, its capacitance changes by 15%.
Y5V capacitors are general-purpose capacitors with certain temperature limits. The normal operating temperature range is -30℃ — +85℃, corresponding to a capacitance change of +22~-82%, and a maximum dielectric loss of 4%.
Z5U capacitors are general-purpose capacitors with certain temperature limits. The normal operating temperature range is +10℃ — +85℃, corresponding to a capacitance change of +22~-56%, and a maximum dielectric loss of 4%.
In summary, the difference lies mainly in the temperature range and the characteristics of the capacitance value changing with temperature. The meanings of these codes are as follows.
Take X7R material as an example:
X means that the capacitance can work at a minimum of -55℃.
7 means that the capacitance can work at a maximum of +125℃.
R means that the capacitance value changes by ±15% with temperature
Similarly, the normal operating temperature range of Y5V is -30℃~+85℃, corresponding to a capacitance change of +22~82%. The normal operating temperature range of Z5U is +10℃~+85℃, and the corresponding capacity change is +22~-56%.
Capacitors are components widely used in electronic circuits. SMD capacitors are miniaturized capacitors that are widely used due to their small size, large capacity and high precision.
Among the many varieties of chip capacitors, the following four are common: multilayer ceramic chip capacitors, tantalum chip capacitors, aluminum chip capacitors and resistance reduction chip capacitors.
1. Multilayer ceramic chip capacitors
Multilayer ceramic chip capacitors are excellent capacitors with the advantages of adjustable capacity, good stability and compact size. The structure of multilayer ceramic chip capacitors is composed of multiple thin sheets of ceramic materials, and metal electrodes are coated between each layer. Due to the multilayer structure and the electrodes are all connected by welding, its internal series resistance is low and can play a good role in high-frequency circuits. Multilayer ceramic chip capacitors are usually widely used in circuits such as filters, couplers, and amplifiers.
2. Tantalum chip capacitors
Tantalum capacitors are capacitors made of tantalum metal as the main material. Due to its advantages such as high density and chemical stability, they are widely used in high-precision circuits. Tantalum chip capacitors are miniaturized tantalum capacitors with the advantages of small size, large capacity and good stability. The structure of tantalum chip capacitors is to spray a layer of tantalum metal electrodes evenly on the ceramic substrate to avoid the leakage current of the capacitor and the change of the operating temperature, thereby improving the quality of the capacitor.
3. Aluminum chip capacitors
Aluminum chip capacitors are a type of capacitor with the characteristics of high capacity, low ESR and low output noise. Its structure consists of aluminum electrode sheets coated on a ceramic substrate, and its shape is rectangular parallelepiped. Aluminum chip capacitors are generally widely used in power amplifiers, power supply circuits and other fields.
4. Low ESR capacitors
Low ESR capacitors are capacitors with extremely low ESR and loss tangent values. Their internal electrodes are made of conductive polymer materials, and a special structure is used between the electrodes and the patch to reduce the series resistance. Low ESR capacitors can perform better in high-frequency circuits, such as power electronic components, power supplies, voltage stabilization circuits, data storage, communication systems and other fields.
In short, chip capacitors have the advantages of small size, large capacity, and high precision, so they are widely used in various electronic devices. Multilayer ceramic chip capacitors, tantalum chip capacitors, aluminum chip capacitors, and resistance reduction chip capacitors are the four most common chip capacitors. It must be pointed out that although these four capacitors have their own characteristics, they should be selected according to different circuit requirements in actual use.
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